"ON THE MODEL OF THE GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA":
PROSPECTS OF INTEGRATION OF COSSACK UKRAINE
INTO COMPOUND OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH
IN 1658–1659 (EXPECTATIONS AND REALITIES)

Volodymyr HAZIN
Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor,
Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University
(Ukraine, Kamianets-Podilskyi), This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9456-623X

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/ul2021.06.084

Download PDF

Abstract

The article explores the discursive questions connected with the preparation and conclusion of the Ukrainian-Polish treaty of Hadiach in 1658. In particular, the content of the agreement and factors that led to the fact that the idea of the Hadiach treaty (realignment of the Commonwealth into a state of three nationalities) remained unrealised are analysed.
The attention was paid to the fact that Polish-Ukrainian negotiations and the conclusion of the agreement in the set near Hadiach in 1658 were conditioned by a number of factors relating to the current Ukrainian-Polish, Ukrainian-Moscow and Polish-Moscow relations. The prime factor that made the Hetman’s government of Ivan Vyhovsky negotiate with the authorities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the fact that it looked for a medium of reconciliation and further state development of Ukraine because there was a growing threat from Moscow. In Warsaw, in return, having made the most from the dire situation of Ukraine, the authorities longed for solving the “Ukrainian question” by the peaceful return of the lost Ukrainian territories in 1648. They also hoped that in the context of successful development of negotiations with Chigirin, it would be possible to get an advantage over Moscow in the long-running confrontation over dominance in CEE.
The content of the treaty of Hadiach that was worked out during the long negotiations mirrored the trend when the Ukrainian part, which was more interested and acted with a weak diplomatic hand, had to agree to the terms dictated by Warsaw. Although, in general, the position of Ukraine in the reformed Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth should have resembled the position of Lithuania, Chigirin was forced to accept territorial restrictions, Warsaw's refusal to liquidate the church union, and so on.
The author concluded that the prime factor, which eventually led to the collapse of the idea of Hadiach, was the reluctance of the Polish political elite to recognise equal rights for Ukraine and the Cossacks, and the fact that Warsaw sleepwalked when Moscow troops invaded Ukraine and Hetman Vyhovsky desperately needed the promised help.

Keywords

The Treaty of Hadiach 1658, Ukraine, The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Muscovite state, Hetmanate.

Archiv

Biblioteka Muzeum Książąt Czartoryskich w Krakowie. Zebranie rękopisów

References

  1. Akty (1863). Akty, otnosiashchyesia k ystoryy Yuzhnoi y Zapadnoi Rossyy, sobrannye y yzdannye arkheohrafycheskoiu komyssyeiu. (Vol. 4). Sankt-Peterburh: Typ. P. A. Kulysha. [in Russian].
  2. Akty (1873). Akty, otnosiashchyesia k ystoryy Yuzhnoi y Zapadnoi Rossyy, sobrannye y yzdannye arkheohrafycheskoiu komyssyeiu. (Vol. 7). Sankt-Peterburh: Typ. V. V. Pratts. [in Russian].
  3. Herasymchuk, V. (1909). Vyhovshchyna i Hadiatskyi traktat. Zapysky naukovoho t-va im. THShevchenka. Lviv, 88, 23–50. [in Ukrainian].
  4. Horobets, V. (2008). Hadiatska uhoda 1658 roku u strukturi mizhnarodnykh vzaiemyn Tsentralno-Skhidnoi Yevropy. Hadiatska uniia 1658 roku / Red. kol.: P. Sokhan, V. Brekhunenko ta in. Kyiv: In-t ukr. arkheohrafii ta dzhereloznavstva im. M. S. Hrushevskoho NANU, 81–108. [in Ukrainian].
  5. Horobets, V. (2001). Elita kozatskoi Ukrainy v poshukakh politychnoi lehitymatsii: stosunky z Moskvoiu ta Varshavoiu, 1654–1665. Kyiv: In-t ist. Ukr. NANU. [in Ukrainian].
  6. Horobets, V. (2009). "Tse vikopomne skleiuvannia znovu v odne…". Zovnishnopolitychni stymuly ta sotsiopolitychni avansy dlia vprovadzhennia Hadiatskoi unii 1658 roku. Ukr. ist. zhurn. Red. kol.: V. A. Smolii (hol. red.), H. V. Boriak, V. F. Verstiuk ta in., 4, 48–66. [in Ukrainian].
  7. Hrushevskyi, M. S. (1997). Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy: V 11 t., 12 kn. / Red. kol.: P. S. Sokhan (holova) ta in. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. (Vol. IX-2). [in Ukrainian].
  8. Hrushevskyi, M. S. (1998) Istoriia Ukrainy-Rusy: V 11 t., 12 kn. / Red. kol.: P. S. Sokhan (holova) ta in. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. (Vol. X). [in Ukrainian].
  9. Dokumenty (2008). Hadiatska uniia 1658 roku / Red. kol.: P. Sokhan, V. Brekhunenko ta in. Kyiv: In-t ukr. arkheohr. ta dzherelozn. im. M. S. Hrushevskoho NANU, 11–30. [in Ukrainian].
  10. Kempa, T. (2008). Konfesiina problema v hadiatskii uhodi. Hadiatska uniia 1658 roku / Red. kol.: P. Sokhan, V. Brekhunenko ta in. Kyiv: In-t ukr. arkheohrafii ta dzhereloznavstva im. M. S. Hrushevskoho NANU, 128–147. [in Ukrainian].
  11. Kroll, P. (2008). Koronna shliakhta i Hadiatska uniia. Hadiatska uniia 1658 roku / Red. kol.: P. Sokhan, V. Brekhunenko ta in. Kyiv: In-t ukr. arkheohrafii ta dzhereloznavstva im. M. S. Hrushevskoho NANU, 148–176. [in Ukrainian].
  12. Kulakovskyi, P. (2008). Kozatske posolstvo na seim 1659 roku. Hadiatska uniia 1658 roku / Red. kol.: P. Sokhan, V. Brekhunenko ta in. Kyiv: In-t ukr. arkheohrafii ta dzhereloznavstva im. M. S. Hrushevskoho NANU, 109–127. [in Ukrainian].
  13. Pamiatniki (1852). Pamiatniki, izdannye Vremennoju Komissieju dlia razbora drevnikh aktov, vysochajshe uchrezhdennoiu pri Kievskom, Podolskom i Volynskom Heneral-Hubernatore. Kyev: Universitetskaja tip. (Vol. 3). [in Russian].
  14. Pamiatniki (1898). Pamiatniki, izdannye Kyevskoiu komissieiu dlia razbora drevnykh aktov. Kyev: Tip. Imperatorskoho Universiteta Sv. Vladimira. (Vol. 3). [in Russian].
  15. Pernal, A. (2013). Rich Pospolyta dvokh narodiv i Ukraina: dyplomatychni vidnosyny 1648–1659 rr. Kyiv: Vydavnychyi dim KM Akademiia. [in Ukrainian].
  16. Sas, P. M. (2010). Ordynatsiia Viiska Zaporozkoho 1638. Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy u 10 t. Kyiv : Naukova dumka, 7: Mi–O, 628–629. [in Ukrainian].
  17. Smolii, V., Stepankov, V. (2009). Ukrainska natsionalna revoliutsiia XVII ct. (1648–1676 rr.). Kyiv: Vydavnychyi dim KM Akademiia. [in Ukrainian].
  18. Tairova-Yakovleva, T. (2008). Hadiatska uhoda – tekstolohichnyi analiz. Hadiatska uniia 1658 roku / Red. kol.: P. Sokhan, V. Brekhunenko ta in. Kyiv: In-t ukr. arkheohrafii ta dzhereloznavstva im. M. S. Hrushevskoho NANU, 31–48. [in Ukrainian].
  19. Universaly (2004). Universaly ukrainskykh hetmaniv vid Ivana Vyhovskoho do Ivana Samoilovycha (1657–1687). Universaly ukrainskykh hetmaniv. Materialy do ukrainskoho dyplomatariiu. Seriia 1. / Uporiadnyky I. Butych, V. Rynsevych, I. Teslenko. Kyiv–Lviv: NTSh. [in Ukrainian].
  20. Chukhlib, T. (2008). Hadiach 1658 roku ta ideia yoho vidnovlennia v ukrainsko-polskykh stosunkakh (1660-ti – pochatok 1680-kh rr.). Kyiv: In-t ist. Ukr. NANU. [in Ukrainian].
  21. Yakovenko, N. (2012). Ocherk ystorju Ukrainy v Srednye veka i rannee Novoe vremia. Avtoryzovanyj perevod s ukrainskoho Vladimira Ryzhkovskoho; Nauchnyj red. perevoda Aleksej Tolochko. Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. [in Russian].